https://www.sst.dk/

Sundhedsstyrelsens anbefalinger til indtagelse af alkohol

https://www.sundhed.dk/

Taylor, B., et al., The more you drink, the harder you fall: a systematic review and meta-analysis of how acute alcohol consumption and injury or collision risk increase together. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2010. 110(1-2): p. 108-16.

Kuntsche, E., et al., Binge drinking: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychol Health, 2017. 32(8): p. 976-1017.

Cederbaum, A.I., Alcohol metabolism. Clin Liver Dis, 2012. 16(4): p. 667-85.

Erol, A. and V.M. Karpyak, Sex and gender-related differences in alcohol use and its consequences: Contemporary knowledge and future research considerations. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2015. 156: p. 1-13.

Publishing, H.H. Alcohol and age: a risky combination. Harvard Healthbeat 2020; Available from:

International Alliance for Responsible Drinking (IARD), Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Limits. 2020, IARD: Washington, DC.

Indtagelse af alkohol og din krop

Alkohol påvirker din opmærksomhed, dit fokus og din koordinationsevne, og derfor øger et overdrevet alkoholindtag din risiko for at komme til skade. Her kan du se nogle af de farer, du bør være opmærksom på.

Læge, der lægger en bandage på en patients fod

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Øger indtagelse af alkohol risikoen for at komme til skade?

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Sygeplejerske, der tjekker blodtryk på en kvindelig patient

https://dkaa.dk

Støtteressourcer fra sundhedsmyndighederne vedrørende alkohol

Sullivan, E.V., R.A. Harris, and A. Pfefferbaum, Alcohol's effects on brain and behavior. Alcohol Res Health, 2010. 33(1-2): p. 127-43.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Alcohol's Effects on the Body. 2020; Available from:

Jung, Y.C. and K. Namkoong, Alcohol: intoxication and poisoning - diagnosis and treatment. Handb Clin Neurol, 2014. 125: p. 115-21.

Seitz, H.K., et al., Alcoholic liver disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2018. 4(1): p. 16.

Roerecke, M., et al., Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Liver Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol, 2019. 114(10): p. 1574-1586.

Hillbom, M., P. Saloheimo, and S. Juvela, Alcohol consumption, blood pressure, and the risk of stroke. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2011. 13(3): p. 208-13.

Puddey, I.B. and L.J. Beilin, Alcohol is bad for blood pressure. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2006. 33(9): p. 847-52.

Gardner, J.D. and A.J. Mouton, Alcohol effects on cardiac function. Compr Physiol, 2015. 5(2): p. 791-802.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Alcohol Consumption and Ethyl Carbamate, in IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. 2010, IARC: Lyon.

National Cancer Institute (NCI). Risk factors for cancer. 2015; Available from:

World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRFI), Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: a Global Perspective. 2018, WCRFI: London.

Bagnardi, V., et al., Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis. Br J Cancer, 2015. 112(3): p. 580-93.

Tamimi, R.M., et al., Population Attributable Risk of Modifiable and Nonmodifiable Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer. Am J Epidemiol, 2016. 184(12): p. 884-893.

Abrahao, K.P., A.G. Salinas, and D.M. Lovinger, Alcohol and the Brain: Neuronal Molecular Targets, Synapses, and Circuits. Neuron, 2017. 96(6): p. 1223-1238.

Rocco, A., et al., Alcoholic disease: liver and beyond. World J Gastroenterol, 2014. 20(40): p. 14652-9.

Ronksley, P.E., et al., Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj, 2011. 342: p. d671.

Caputo, C., E. Wood, and L. Jabbour, Impact of fetal alcohol exposure on body systems: A systematic review. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today, 2016. 108(2): p. 174-80.

Lees, B., et al., Effect of alcohol use on the adolescent brain and behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2020. 192: p. 172906.

Spear, L.P., Effects of adolescent alcohol consumption on the brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2018. 19(4): p. 197-214.

Kannel, W.B. and R.C. Ellison, Alcohol and coronary heart disease: the evidence for a protective effect. Clin Chim Acta, 1996. 246(1-2): p. 59-76.

Li, X.H., et al., Association between alcohol consumption and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 2016. 103(3): p. 818-29.

Neuenschwander, M., et al., Role of diet in type 2 diabetes incidence: umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective observational studies. Bmj, 2019. 366: p. l2368.

Sinforiani, E., et al., The effects of alcohol on cognition in the elderly: from protection to neurodegeneration. Funct Neurol, 2011. 26(2): p. 103-6.

Brust, J.C., Ethanol and cognition: indirect effects, neurotoxicity and neuroprotection: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2010. 7(4): p. 1540-57.

Rehm, J., et al., Alcohol use and dementia: a systematic scoping review. Alzheimers Res Ther, 2019. 11(1): p. 1.

Colpani, V., et al., Lifestyle factors, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol, 2018. 33(9): p. 831-845.

Di Castelnuovo, A., et al., Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies. Arch Intern Med, 2006. 166(22): p. 2437-45.

Xuan, Z., Consuming 100 g/week or less of alcohol was associated with the lowest risk of all-cause mortality. BMJ Evid Based Med, 2019. 24(3): p. 117-118.

Stockwell, T., et al., Do "Moderate" Drinkers Have Reduced Mortality Risk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality. J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 2016. 77(2): p. 185-98.

Li, Y., et al., Impact of Healthy Lifestyle Factors on Life Expectancies in the US Population. Circulation, 2018. 138(4): p. 345-355.

Wood, A.M., et al., Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies. Lancet, 2018. 391(10129): p. 1513-1523.

U.K. Government, UK Chief Medical Officers' Low Risk Drinking Guidelines. 2016, UK Government: London.

U.K. National Health Service (NHS). Alcohol units. 2018; Available from: 

Selv om effekten af indtage alkohol er forskellig fra voksen til voksen, og det for nogle er bedst helt at undgå alkohol, er der nogle fakta, der kan være gode at huske på.

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Hvordan påvirker indtagelse af alkohol dit generelle helbred?

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Illustration af et menneskes blodåre, der viser alkoholoptagelse i blodomløbet

https://fasd.dk/

FASD (Den nationale organisation for mennesker med medfødt alkoholskade)

Anbefalingerne fra Sundhedsstyrelsen vedrørende indtagelse af alkohol under graviditet

Easey, K.E., et al., Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring mental health: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2019. 197: p. 344-353.

Dejong, K., A. Olyaei, and J.O. Lo, Alcohol Use in Pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 2019. 62(1): p. 142-155.

Del Campo, M. and K.L. Jones, A review of the physical features of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Eur J Med Genet, 2017. 60(1): p. 55-64.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Fetal Alcohol Exposure. 2019; Available from:

Vorgias, D. and B. Bernstein, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, in StatPearls. 2020, StatPearls Publishing StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island (FL).

U.K. National Health Service (NHS). Foetal alcohol syndrome. 2020.

International Alliance for Responsible Drinking (IARD). Drinking guidelines for pregnancy and breastfeeding. 2020; Available from:

National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (NOFAS). Light drinking during pregnancy. 2020; Available from:

Haastrup, M.B., A. Pottegard, and P. Damkier, Alcohol and breastfeeding. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 2014. 114(2): p. 168-73.

Hvis du er gravid, kan dine mad- og drikkevaner også påvirke dit barn. Vigtig viden om at drikke alkohol under en graviditet.

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Hvilken indflydelse har indtagelse af alkohol på graviditet og amning?

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Illustration af et menneskehoved, hvor hjernen kan ses

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Illustration af et menneskes brystkasse, hvor leveren og maven kan ses

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Illustration af et menneskes brystkasse, hvor hjertet kan ses

National Health Service (NHS). Alcohol poisoning. 2019; Available from:

Squeglia, L.M. and K.M. Gray, Alcohol and Drug Use and the Developing Brain. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 2016. 18(5): p. 46

Rehm, J., et al., Alcohol use and dementia: a systematic scoping review. Alzheimers Res Ther, 2019. 11(1): p. 1

Gallagher, C., et al., Alcohol and incident atrial fibrillation - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol, 2017. 246: p. 46-52.

Mostofsky, E., et al., Alcohol and Immediate Risk of Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Circulation, 2016. 133(10): p. 979-87.

Piano, M.R., Alcohol's Effects on the Cardiovascular System. Alcohol Res, 2017. 38(2): p. 219-241.

Cauley, J.A., et al., Studies on the association between alcohol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol: possible benefits and risks. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse, 1987. 6(3): p. 53-67.

Goel, S., A. Sharma, and A. Garg, Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Cardiovascular Health. Curr Cardiol Rep, 2018. 20(4): p. 19.

Naimi, T.S., et al., Selection biases in observational studies affect associations between 'moderate' alcohol consumption and mortality. Addiction, 2017. 112(2): p. 207-214.

Indtagelse af alkohol påvirker dine organer <a href="#refs1" data-anchor="#refs1">(1)</a>, mens du drikker, men omfanget af denne påvirkning afhænger af mange faktorer. Vigtig viden.

Hvordan påvirker indtagelse af alkohol hjernen, leveren og hjertet?

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Illustration af en mande- og kvindesilhuet ved siden af hinanden, der kun viser hoved og skuldre

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Illustration af et hjerte med et tandhjul og en pulslinje, der viser hjerterytme som illustration af det generelle helbred

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Illustration af tre dobbelttrådede spiraler

Harvard Health Publishing. Alcohol's effects on the body. 2014; Available from:

Thomasson, H.R., Gender differences in alcohol metabolism. Physiological responses to ethanol. Recent Dev Alcohol, 1995. 12: p. 163-79.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Women and alcohol. 2019; Available from:

International Alliance for Responsible Drinking (IARD). Minimum legal age limits. 2020; Available from:

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Older adults. 2020; Available from:

Meier, P. and H.K. Seitz, Age, alcohol metabolism and liver diseases. Current Opinions in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 2008. 11: p. 21026.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Harmful interactions: mixing alcohol with medicines. 2014; Available from:

Mental Health Foundation. Alcohol and mental health. 2020; Available from:

Engler, P.A., S.E. Ramsey, and R.J. Smith, Alcohol use of diabetes patients: the need for assessment and intervention. Acta Diabetol, 2013. 50(2): p. 93-9.

British Heart Foundation (BHF). Heart conditions and alcohol. 2020; Available from:

Bierut, L.J., et al., A genome-wide association study of alcohol dependence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2010. 107(11): p. 5082-7.

Edenberg, H.J., The genetics of alcohol metabolism: role of alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase variants. Alcohol Res Health, 2007. 30(1): p. 5-13.

Iwahashi, K. and H. Suwaki, Ethanol metabolism, toxicity and genetic polymorphism. Addict Biol, 1998. 3(3): p. 249-59.

Edenberg, H.J., J. Gelernter, and A. Agrawal, Genetics of Alcoholism. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 2019. 21(4): p. 26.

Cservenka, A., Neurobiological phenotypes associated with a family history of alcoholism. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2016. 158: p. 8-21.

Sanchez-Roige, S., A.A. Palmer, and T.K. Clarke, Recent Efforts to Dissect the Genetic Basis of Alcohol Use and Abuse. Biol Psychiatry, 2020. 87(7): p. 609-618.

Volkow, N.D. and M. Morales, The Brain on Drugs: From Reward to Addiction. Cell, 2015. 162(4): p. 712-25.

Koob, G.F. and N.D. Volkow, Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. Lancet Psychiatry, 2016. 3(8): p. 760-773.

Singh, A.K., Alcohol Interaction with Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Opioids, Nicotine, Cannabis, and gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid. Biomedicines, 2019. 7(1).

Hvorfor bliver nogle personer hurtigt berusede, mens andre lader til at være upåvirket? Og hvorfor bør nogle mennesker slet ikke indtage alkohol? Her er nogle faktorer, der bestemmer, hvordan indtagelse af alkohol kan påvirke os forskelligt.

Hvordan påvirker indtagelse af alkohol dig fysisk? Det kommer an på, hvem du er

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Illustration af en person, der drikker alkohol, hvor en væske løber ind i munden og passerer ned gennem halsen.

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Illustration af et menneskes overkrop, hvor du kan se leveren

Sådan nedbryder kroppen alkohol trin for trin. Det er meget individuelt, hvor længe nedbrydelsesprocessen varer. Derfor er det vigtigt, at du tager højde for din specifikke situation.

Hvordan nedbryder kroppen alkohol?

https://www.cancer.dk/

For at få flere oplysninger kan du besøge:

World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRFI), Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: a Global Perspective. . 2018, WCRFI: London.

Sasco, A.J., M.B. Secretan, and K. Straif, Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence. Lung Cancer, 2004. 45 Suppl 2: p. S3-9.

de Menezes, R.F., A. Bergmann, and L.C. Thuler, Alcohol consumption and risk of cancer: a systematic literature review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2013. 14(9): p. 4965-72.

Turati, F., W. Garavello, I. Tramacere, V. Bagnardi, M. Rota, L. Scotti, F. Islami, G. Corrao, P. Boffetta, C. La Vecchia and E. Negri (2010). "A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and oral and pharyngeal cancers. Part 2: results by subsites." Oral Oncol 46(10): 720-726.

Pelucchi, C., S. Gallus, W. Garavello, C. Bosetti and C. La Vecchia (2008). "Alcohol and tobacco use, and cancer risk for upper aerodigestive tract and liver." Eur J Cancer Prev 17(4): 340-344.

Hashibe, M., et al., Interaction between tobacco and alcohol use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009. 18(2): p. 541-50.

Zakhari, S., Chronic alcohol drinking: Liver and pancreatic cancer? Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2015. 39 Suppl 1: p. S86-91.

Baecker, A., X. Liu, C. La Vecchia and Z. F. Zhang (2018). "Worldwide incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma cases attributable to major risk factors." Eur J Cancer Prev 27(3): 205-212.

Vanni, E. and E. Bugianesi (2014). "Obesity and liver cancer." Clin Liver Dis 18(1): 191-203.

Marengo, A., C. Rosso and E. Bugianesi (2016). "Liver Cancer: Connections with Obesity, Fatty Liver, and Cirrhosis." Annu Rev Med 67: 103-117.

Cai, S., et al., Alcohol drinking and the risk of colorectal cancer death: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev, 2014. 23(6): p. 532-9.

Vieira, A. R., L. Abar, D. S. M. Chan, S. Vingeliene, E. Polemiti, C. Stevens, D. Greenwood and T. Norat (2017). "Foods and beverages and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies, an update of the evidence of the WCRF-AICR Continuous Update Project." Ann Oncol 28(8): 1788-1802.

Rossi, M., M. Jahanzaib Anwar, A. Usman, A. Keshavarzian and F. Bishehsari (2018). "Colorectal Cancer and Alcohol Consumption-Populations to Molecules." Cancers (Basel) 10(2).

Choi, Y. J., S. K. Myung and J. H. Lee (2018). "Light Alcohol Drinking and Risk of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies." Cancer Res Treat 50(2): 474-487.

Rojas, K. and A. Stuckey, Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 2016. 59(4): p. 651-672.

American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), AACR Cancer Progress Report 2019: Transforming Lives Through Innovative Cancer Science. 2019, AACR: Philadelphia, PA.

Sådan kan indtagelse af alkohol påvirke din risiko for at få kræft.

Illustration af en kræftcelle, omringet af sunde menneskeceller

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Findes der en sammenhæng mellem indtagelse af alkohol og kræft?

Stevens, S.E., Schreck, C.J., Saha, S., Bell, J.E., & Kunkel, K.E. Precipitation and fatal motor vehicle crashes: continental analysis with high-resolution radar data. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100: 1453-1461, 2019.

Der er to måder at forstå risiko på – absolut og relativ risiko. Her kan du, hvad forskellen mellem de to er.

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Hvad er absolut og relativ risiko i forbindelse med alkohol

https://stress-care.dk/

Støtteressourcer fra sundhedsmyndighederne om alkohol

National Health Service (NHS). Binge drinking. 2019; Available from:

World Health Organization (WHO). Heavy episodic drinking among drinkers. 2020; Available from:

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Drinking levels defined. 2020; Available from:

Molina, P.E. and S. Nelson, Binge Drinking's Effects on the Body. Alcohol Res, 2018. 39(1): p. 99-109.

Harrison, N.L., et al., Effects of acute alcohol on excitability in the CNS. Neuropharmacology, 2017. 122: p. 36-45.

Foxcroft, D.R. and A. Tsertsvadze, Universal school-based prevention programs for alcohol misuse in young people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011(5): p. Cd009113.

Selv om der ikke findes en anerkendt definition af ”binge-drinking”, kan indtagelse af store mængder alkohol på kort tid have alvorlige konsekvenser.

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Hvilke konsekvenser har "binge-drinking" på kort og langt sigt ?

https://alkohologsamfund.dk/

Pårørende til en der har problemer med et alkoholmisbrug

Whitfield, J.B., ADH and ALDH genotypes in relation to alcohol metabolic rate and sensitivity. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl, 1994. 2: p. 59-65.

Palmisano, M. and S.C. Pandey, Epigenetic mechanisms of alcoholism and stress-related disorders. Alcohol, 2017. 60: p. 7-18.

McHugh, R.K. and R.D. Weiss, Alcohol use disorder and depressive disorders. Alcohol Research, 2019. 40(1): p. arcr.v40.1.01.

Barr, T., et al., Opposing effects of alcohol on the immune system. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2016. 65: p. 242-51.

Cservenka, A., Neurobiological phenotypes associated with a family history of alcoholism. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2016. 158: p. 8-21

Stickel, F., et al., The genetics of alcohol dependence and alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol, 2017. 66(1): p. 195-211

Dragan, M. and J. Hardt, Childhood adversities and risk for problematic alcohol use. Addict Behav, 2016. 59: p. 65-71.

Fenton, M.C., et al., Combined role of childhood maltreatment, family history, and gender in the risk for alcohol dependence. Psychological Medicine, 2013. 43(5): p. 1045-1057.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Parenting to prevent childhood alcohol use. 2020; Available from:

Din familie- og sygdomshistorie kan have en reel indflydelse på, hvordan alkohol påvirker dig, sammenlignet med andre mennesker. Her er fem ting, du skal være opmærksom på.

Billede af en mand, der kigger ud ad et vindue

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Hvilken betydning har din familie- og sygdomshistorie for, hvordan alkohol påvirker dig?

Sayette, M.A., The effects of alcohol on emotion in social drinkers. Behav Res Ther, 2017. 88: p. 76-89.

Alcohol.org.nz. Blood alcohol content. 2020; Available from:

Indtagelse af alkohol og din sindstilstand

Det afhænger af mange faktorer, men indtagelse af alkohol kan både have en positiv og negativ indvirkning på, hvordan du har det.

En gruppe venner hænger ud og får lidt at drikke

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Hvordan påvirker alkohol humør og adfærd?

Nå vi er stressede kan det let blive en vane at bruge alkohol som en støtte. Men ifølge Dr Jessamy Hibberd er der andre måder at håndtere pres på.

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Sådan håndteres pres på en positiv måde

Hvis du nogensinde har spekuleret over, om det vil påvirke dit sociale liv, hvis du ændrer dit forhold til alkohol, er du ikke den eneste. Det gør det, siger Dru Jaeger, men på positive måder, du aldrig havde forventet.

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"Jeg er sjovere, når jeg drikker." afvisning om denne og andre myter om alkohol

Alkohol er et meget almindeligt redskab til at få sociale situationer til at føles nemmere, men Dr. Jessamy Hibberd mener, at der findes mere effektive og varige metoder til at føle sig selvsikker og have det sjovt på en naturlig måde.

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Seks positive metoder til at håndtere social angst

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Hunt, G.E., et al., Prevalence of comorbid substance use in major depressive disorder in community and clinical settings, 1990-2019: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2020. 266: p. 288-304.

Becker, H.C., Influence of stress associated with chronic alcohol exposure on drinking. Neuropharmacology, 2017. 122: p. 115-126

Boden, J.M. and D.M. Fergusson, Alcohol and depression. Addiction, 2011. 106(5): p. 906-14.

Li, J., et al., Effect of alcohol use disorders and alcohol intake on the risk of subsequent depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Addiction, 2019. Published early online 16 January 2020.

Thibaut, F., Anxiety disorders: a review of current literature. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 2017. 19(2): p. 87-88.

Farren, C.K., K.P. Hill, and R.D. Weiss, Bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorder: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 2012. 14(6): p. 659-66.

Borges, G., et al., A meta-analysis of acute use of alcohol and the risk of suicide attempt. Psychol Med, 2017. 47(5): p. 949-957.

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(NIAAA), N.I.o.A.A.a.A., Harmful interactions: mixing alcohol with medicines., NIAAA, Editor. 2014, NIAAA: Gaithersburg, MD.

Linnoila, M., M.J. Mattila, and B.S. Kitchell, Drug interactions with alcohol. Drugs, 1979. 18(4): p. 299-311.

Det afhænger af mange komplekse faktorer, f.eks. hvor meget alkohol du indtager og din generelle sindstilstand, og der skal tages højde for både kort- og langsigtede virkninger.

Illustration af et kvindehoved med et sundhedsskilt