https://health.gov/

https://www.ulima.edu.pe/

Información sobre la concentración de alcohol en sangre

Taylor, B., et al., The more you drink, the harder you fall: a systematic review and meta-analysis of how acute alcohol consumption and injury or collision risk increase together. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2010. 110(1-2): p. 108-16.

Kuntsche, E., et al., Binge drinking: Health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions. Psychol Health, 2017. 32(8): p. 976-1017.

Cederbaum, A.I., Alcohol metabolism. Clin Liver Dis, 2012. 16(4): p. 667-85.

Erol, A. and V.M. Karpyak, Sex and gender-related differences in alcohol use and its consequences: Contemporary knowledge and future research considerations. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2015. 156: p. 1-13.

Publishing, H.H. Alcohol and age: a risky combination. Harvard Healthbeat 2020; Available from:

International Alliance for Responsible Drinking (IARD), Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Limits. 2020, IARD: Washington, DC.

Tu cuerpo y el consumo de alcohol			

El alcohol afecta tu atención, concentración y coordinación; y su consumo excesivo aumentará tus probabilidades de sufrir lesiones. Estos son los peligros de los que hay que estar conscientes.

Médico colocando un vendaje en el pie de un paciente

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¿El consumo de alcohol aumenta el riesgo de sufrir lesiones?

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Enfermera midiendo la presión arterial de una paciente

https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/

Replantearte el consumo de alcohol:  ​Pensar en el cambio

https://www.devida.gob.pe/

Sullivan, E.V., R.A. Harris, and A. Pfefferbaum, Alcohol's effects on brain and behavior. Alcohol Res Health, 2010. 33(1-2): p. 127-43.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Alcohol's Effects on the Body. 2020; Available from:

Jung, Y.C. and K. Namkoong, Alcohol: intoxication and poisoning - diagnosis and treatment. Handb Clin Neurol, 2014. 125: p. 115-21.

Seitz, H.K., et al., Alcoholic liver disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2018. 4(1): p. 16.

Roerecke, M., et al., Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Liver Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol, 2019. 114(10): p. 1574-1586.

Hillbom, M., P. Saloheimo, and S. Juvela, Alcohol consumption, blood pressure, and the risk of stroke. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2011. 13(3): p. 208-13.

Puddey, I.B. and L.J. Beilin, Alcohol is bad for blood pressure. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2006. 33(9): p. 847-52.

Gardner, J.D. and A.J. Mouton, Alcohol effects on cardiac function. Compr Physiol, 2015. 5(2): p. 791-802.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Alcohol Consumption and Ethyl Carbamate, in IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans. 2010, IARC: Lyon.

National Cancer Institute (NCI). Risk factors for cancer. 2015; Available from:

World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRFI), Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: a Global Perspective. 2018, WCRFI: London.

Bagnardi, V., et al., Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis. Br J Cancer, 2015. 112(3): p. 580-93.

Tamimi, R.M., et al., Population Attributable Risk of Modifiable and Nonmodifiable Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer. Am J Epidemiol, 2016. 184(12): p. 884-893.

Abrahao, K.P., A.G. Salinas, and D.M. Lovinger, Alcohol and the Brain: Neuronal Molecular Targets, Synapses, and Circuits. Neuron, 2017. 96(6): p. 1223-1238.

Rocco, A., et al., Alcoholic disease: liver and beyond. World J Gastroenterol, 2014. 20(40): p. 14652-9.

Ronksley, P.E., et al., Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj, 2011. 342: p. d671.

Caputo, C., E. Wood, and L. Jabbour, Impact of fetal alcohol exposure on body systems: A systematic review. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today, 2016. 108(2): p. 174-80.

Lees, B., et al., Effect of alcohol use on the adolescent brain and behavior. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2020. 192: p. 172906.

Spear, L.P., Effects of adolescent alcohol consumption on the brain and behavior. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2018. 19(4): p. 197-214.

Kannel, W.B. and R.C. Ellison, Alcohol and coronary heart disease: the evidence for a protective effect. Clin Chim Acta, 1996. 246(1-2): p. 59-76.

Li, X.H., et al., Association between alcohol consumption and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 2016. 103(3): p. 818-29.

Neuenschwander, M., et al., Role of diet in type 2 diabetes incidence: umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective observational studies. Bmj, 2019. 366: p. l2368.

Sinforiani, E., et al., The effects of alcohol on cognition in the elderly: from protection to neurodegeneration. Funct Neurol, 2011. 26(2): p. 103-6.

Brust, J.C., Ethanol and cognition: indirect effects, neurotoxicity and neuroprotection: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2010. 7(4): p. 1540-57.

Rehm, J., et al., Alcohol use and dementia: a systematic scoping review. Alzheimers Res Ther, 2019. 11(1): p. 1.

Colpani, V., et al., Lifestyle factors, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol, 2018. 33(9): p. 831-845.

Di Castelnuovo, A., et al., Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies. Arch Intern Med, 2006. 166(22): p. 2437-45.

Xuan, Z., Consuming 100 g/week or less of alcohol was associated with the lowest risk of all-cause mortality. BMJ Evid Based Med, 2019. 24(3): p. 117-118.

Stockwell, T., et al., Do "Moderate" Drinkers Have Reduced Mortality Risk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality. J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 2016. 77(2): p. 185-98.

Li, Y., et al., Impact of Healthy Lifestyle Factors on Life Expectancies in the US Population. Circulation, 2018. 138(4): p. 345-355.

Wood, A.M., et al., Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies. Lancet, 2018. 391(10129): p. 1513-1523.

U.K. Government, UK Chief Medical Officers' Low Risk Drinking Guidelines. 2016, UK Government: London.

U.K. National Health Service (NHS). Alcohol units. 2018; Available from: 

Aunque los efectos del consumo de alcohol varían de un adulto a otro y para ​ciertas personas es mejor abstenerse completamente, hay algunos datos que es bueno recordar.

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¿Cómo afecta el consumo de alcohol a la salud en general?

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Ilustración de una vena humana recibiendo alcohol que entra al torrente sanguíneo.

https://www.gob.pe/

Easey, K.E., et al., Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring mental health: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2019. 197: p. 344-353.

Dejong, K., A. Olyaei, and J.O. Lo, Alcohol Use in Pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 2019. 62(1): p. 142-155.

Del Campo, M. and K.L. Jones, A review of the physical features of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Eur J Med Genet, 2017. 60(1): p. 55-64.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Fetal Alcohol Exposure. 2019; Available from:

Vorgias, D. and B. Bernstein, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, in StatPearls. 2020, StatPearls Publishing StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island (FL).

U.K. National Health Service (NHS). Foetal alcohol syndrome. 2020.

International Alliance for Responsible Drinking (IARD). Drinking guidelines for pregnancy and breastfeeding. 2020; Available from:

National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (NOFAS). Light drinking during pregnancy. 2020; Available from:

Haastrup, M.B., A. Pottegard, and P. Damkier, Alcohol and breastfeeding. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 2014. 114(2): p. 168-73.

Si estás embarazada​, lo que bebes también puede afectar a tu bebé. Esto es lo que necesitas saber acerca del consumo de alcohol durante el embarazo.

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¿Cómo afecta el consumo del alcohol durante el embarazo y la lactancia?

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Ilustración de una cabeza humana en la que se muestra el cerebro

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Ilustración de un torso humano en el que se muestran el hígado y estómago

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Ilustración de un torso humano en el que se muestra el corazón

National Health Service (NHS). Alcohol poisoning. 2019; Available from:

Squeglia, L.M. and K.M. Gray, Alcohol and Drug Use and the Developing Brain. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 2016. 18(5): p. 46

Rehm, J., et al., Alcohol use and dementia: a systematic scoping review. Alzheimers Res Ther, 2019. 11(1): p. 1

Gallagher, C., et al., Alcohol and incident atrial fibrillation - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol, 2017. 246: p. 46-52.

Mostofsky, E., et al., Alcohol and Immediate Risk of Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Circulation, 2016. 133(10): p. 979-87.

Piano, M.R., Alcohol's Effects on the Cardiovascular System. Alcohol Res, 2017. 38(2): p. 219-241.

Cauley, J.A., et al., Studies on the association between alcohol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol: possible benefits and risks. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse, 1987. 6(3): p. 53-67.

Goel, S., A. Sharma, and A. Garg, Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Cardiovascular Health. Curr Cardiol Rep, 2018. 20(4): p. 19.

Naimi, T.S., et al., Selection biases in observational studies affect associations between 'moderate' alcohol consumption and mortality. Addiction, 2017. 112(2): p. 207-214.

Consumir alcohol afectará tus órganos <a href="#refs1" data-anchor="#refs1">(1)</a> mientras lo haces, pero la magnitud de sus efectos depende de muchos factores. Esto es lo que necesitas saber.

¿Cómo afecta el consumo de alcohol al cerebro, hígado y corazón? 

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Ilustración de una silueta de un hombre y una mujer, uno junto a otro, mostrando únicamente su cabeza y hombros

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Ilustración de un corazón con un engranaje y una línea con la frecuencia cardíaca para  representar el estado de salud general

DRINKIQ-16x9-inpage_B01-A02-C.png

Harvard Health Publishing. Alcohol's effects on the body. 2014; Available from:

Thomasson, H.R., Gender differences in alcohol metabolism. Physiological responses to ethanol. Recent Dev Alcohol, 1995. 12: p. 163-79.

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Harmful interactions: mixing alcohol with medicines. 2014; Available from:

Mental Health Foundation. Alcohol and mental health. 2020; Available from:

Engler, P.A., S.E. Ramsey, and R.J. Smith, Alcohol use of diabetes patients: the need for assessment and intervention. Acta Diabetol, 2013. 50(2): p. 93-9.

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Sanchez-Roige, S., A.A. Palmer, and T.K. Clarke, Recent Efforts to Dissect the Genetic Basis of Alcohol Use and Abuse. Biol Psychiatry, 2020. 87(7): p. 609-618.

Volkow, N.D. and M. Morales, The Brain on Drugs: From Reward to Addiction. Cell, 2015. 162(4): p. 712-25.

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Singh, A.K., Alcohol Interaction with Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Opioids, Nicotine, Cannabis, and gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid. Biomedicines, 2019. 7(1).

¿Por qué algunas personas se marean rápidamente en tanto que otras soportan mejor la bebida? He aquí algunos factores que determinan cómo el consumo de alcohol afecta a cada persona de forma diferente..

¿Cómo te afecta el consumo de alcohol físicamente? Depende de quién eres

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Ilustración de una persona bebiendo alcohol con el líquido entrando por su boca y corriendo por la garganta.

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Ilustración de un torso humano en el que se muestra el hígado

Así es como el cuerpo humano procesa el alcohol ​paso a paso. La velocidad con la que esto ocurre es diferente para cada persona, de modo que es importante tomar en consideración tus circunstancias personales.

¿Cómo se procesa el alcohol en el cuerpo? 

https://cancer.gov/

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Turati, F., W. Garavello, I. Tramacere, V. Bagnardi, M. Rota, L. Scotti, F. Islami, G. Corrao, P. Boffetta, C. La Vecchia and E. Negri (2010). "A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and oral and pharyngeal cancers. Part 2: results by subsites." Oral Oncol 46(10): 720-726.

Pelucchi, C., S. Gallus, W. Garavello, C. Bosetti and C. La Vecchia (2008). "Alcohol and tobacco use, and cancer risk for upper aerodigestive tract and liver." Eur J Cancer Prev 17(4): 340-344.

Hashibe, M., et al., Interaction between tobacco and alcohol use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2009. 18(2): p. 541-50.

Zakhari, S., Chronic alcohol drinking: Liver and pancreatic cancer? Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2015. 39 Suppl 1: p. S86-91.

Baecker, A., X. Liu, C. La Vecchia and Z. F. Zhang (2018). "Worldwide incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma cases attributable to major risk factors." Eur J Cancer Prev 27(3): 205-212.

Vanni, E. and E. Bugianesi (2014). "Obesity and liver cancer." Clin Liver Dis 18(1): 191-203.

Marengo, A., C. Rosso and E. Bugianesi (2016). "Liver Cancer: Connections with Obesity, Fatty Liver, and Cirrhosis." Annu Rev Med 67: 103-117.

Cai, S., et al., Alcohol drinking and the risk of colorectal cancer death: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev, 2014. 23(6): p. 532-9.

Vieira, A. R., L. Abar, D. S. M. Chan, S. Vingeliene, E. Polemiti, C. Stevens, D. Greenwood and T. Norat (2017). "Foods and beverages and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies, an update of the evidence of the WCRF-AICR Continuous Update Project." Ann Oncol 28(8): 1788-1802.

Rossi, M., M. Jahanzaib Anwar, A. Usman, A. Keshavarzian and F. Bishehsari (2018). "Colorectal Cancer and Alcohol Consumption-Populations to Molecules." Cancers (Basel) 10(2).

Choi, Y. J., S. K. Myung and J. H. Lee (2018). "Light Alcohol Drinking and Risk of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies." Cancer Res Treat 50(2): 474-487.

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American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), AACR Cancer Progress Report 2019: Transforming Lives Through Innovative Cancer Science. 2019, AACR: Philadelphia, PA.

Así es como el consumo de alcohol puede influir en el riesgo de contraer cáncer

Ilustración de una célula cancerígena rodeada de células humanas sanas

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¿Existe alguna relación entre el consumo de alcohol y el cáncer?

https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/

Stevens, S.E., Schreck, C.J., Saha, S., Bell, J.E., & Kunkel, K.E. Precipitation and fatal motor vehicle crashes: continental analysis with high-resolution radar data. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100: 1453-1461, 2019.

Existen dos maneras de entender el riesgo: el riesgo absoluto y el riesgo relativo. Esto es lo que significan.

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Entender el riesgo absoluto y relativo del alcohol

http://adicciones.org.ar/

https://aajunta.org.pe/

Rethinking Drinking: What are the different drinking levels (2020). Available from:

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Molina, P.E. and S. Nelson, Binge Drinking's Effects on the Body. Alcohol Res, 2018. 39(1): p. 99-109.

Harrison, N.L., et al., Effects of acute alcohol on excitability in the CNS. Neuropharmacology, 2017. 122: p. 36-45.

Foxcroft, D.R. and A. Tsertsvadze, Universal school-based prevention programs for alcohol misuse in young people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011(5): p. Cd009113.

Aunque no existe una definición unánime de ebriedad, o compulsión, consumir una gran cantidad de alcohol en poco tiempo puede tener consecuencias graves.

BingeDrinking_HERO_16-9_1600x900.jpg

¿Cuáles son los efectos a corto y largo plazo del consumo compulsivo de alcohol?

https://www.promofar.com/

Cuidar de una persona que tiene problemas con el abuso de alcohol

Whitfield, J.B., ADH and ALDH genotypes in relation to alcohol metabolic rate and sensitivity. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl, 1994. 2: p. 59-65.

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McHugh, R.K. and R.D. Weiss, Alcohol use disorder and depressive disorders. Alcohol Research, 2019. 40(1): p. arcr.v40.1.01.

Barr, T., et al., Opposing effects of alcohol on the immune system. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 2016. 65: p. 242-51.

Cservenka, A., Neurobiological phenotypes associated with a family history of alcoholism. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2016. 158: p. 8-21

Stickel, F., et al., The genetics of alcohol dependence and alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol, 2017. 66(1): p. 195-211

Dragan, M. and J. Hardt, Childhood adversities and risk for problematic alcohol use. Addict Behav, 2016. 59: p. 65-71.

Fenton, M.C., et al., Combined role of childhood maltreatment, family history, and gender in the risk for alcohol dependence. Psychological Medicine, 2013. 43(5): p. 1045-1057.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Parenting to prevent childhood alcohol use. 2020; Available from:

Tu historia familiar y tu historia clínica pueden influir significativamente en cómo te afecta el consumo de alcohol, en comparación con otras personas. Estas son cinco cosas que debes tener presentes.

Fotografía de un hombre mirando a través de una ventana

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¿Qué importancia tienen la historia familiar y la historia clínica en cómo te afecta el consumo de alcohol?

https://www.who.int/es/

Organización Mundial de la Salud: Coronavirus

World Health Organization (WHO). Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations. Global research on coronavirus disease (COVID-19). 2020; Available from: 

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Morawska, L., et al., How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised? Environ Int, 2020. 142: p. 105832.

Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder (CIRES). COVID Airborne Transmission Estimator. 2020; Available from:

Health Information and Quality Authority (HIQA), Advice to the National Public Health Emergency Team: What activities or settings are associated with a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. 2020, HIQA: Dublin.

Szabo, G. and B. Saha, Alcohol's Effect on Host Defense. Alcohol Res, 2015. 37(2): p. 159-70.

Romeo, J., et al., Moderate alcohol consumption and the immune system: a review. Br J Nutr, 2007. 98 Suppl 1: p. S111-5.

Scott-Sheldon, L.A., et al., Alcohol Use Predicts Sexual Decision-Making: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Experimental Literature. AIDS Behav, 2016. 20 Suppl 1(0 1): p. S19-39.

Harmon, D.A., A.L. Haas, and A. Peterkin, Experimental tasks of behavioral risk taking in alcohol administration studies: A systematic review. Addict Behav, 2021. 113: p. 106678.

Messaoudi, I., et al., Moderate alcohol consumption enhances vaccine-induced responses in rhesus macaques. Vaccine, 2013. 32(1): p. 54-61.

Sureshchandra, S., et al., Dose-dependent effects of chronic alcohol drinking on peripheral immune responses. Sci Rep, 2019. 9(1): p. 7847.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Alcohol's effects on immunity -- increasing the risks for infection and injury. Alcohol Research Current Reviews, 2015. 89.

Szabo, G. and P. Mandrekar, A recent perspective on alcohol, immunity, and host defense. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2009. 33(2): p. 220-32.

Chick, J., Alcohol and COVID-19. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 2020. 55(4): p. 341-342.

Molina, P.E., et al., Focus on: Alcohol and the immune system. Alcohol Res Health, 2010. 33(1-2): p. 97-108.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Alcohol Use Disorder. 2020; Available from: 

Hu, N., et al., Alcohol consumption and incidence of sleep disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2020. 217: p. 108259.

Stein, M.D. and P.D. Friedmann, Disturbed sleep and its relationship to alcohol use. Subst Abus, 2005. 26(1): p. 1-13.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Drinking alcohol does not prevent or treat coronavirus infection and may impair immune function. 2020; Available from:

Lachenmeier, D.W., J. Rehm, and G. Gmel, Surrogate alcohol: what do we know and where do we go? Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 2007. 31(10): p. 1613-24.

Respuesta corta: El consumo excesivo de alcohol puede debilitar tu sistema inmunitario. Estos excesos también pueden provocar que tengas comportamientos de riesgo (como no llevar tu mascarilla o no seguir las recomendaciones de distanciamiento social). Esto puede aumentar el riesgo de contraer COVID-19 y otras enfermedades infecciosas. Las pruebas científicas sobre el consumo de alcohol, en sí mismo, y el riesgo de infección por el coronavirus siguen evolucionando. Las pruebas relacionadas con otras enfermedades infecciosas muestran que aquellas personas que beben moderadamente no tienen más probabilidades de infectarse con dichas enfermedades en comparación con aquellas que no beben. 
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha llevado a algunos países a introducir nuevas restricciones e incluso a prohibir la venta y el servicio de alcohol durante los cierres y confinamientos. Compartimos algunos datos básicos.

Mujer de negocios con mascarilla protectora

Drinkiq Image 1600X900

¿El consumo de alcohol incrementa la posibilidad de contraer una infección por COVID-19?

https://www.cigna.com/

Sayette, M.A., The effects of alcohol on emotion in social drinkers. Behav Res Ther, 2017. 88: p. 76-89.

Alcohol.org.nz. Blood alcohol content. 2020; Available from:

Tu mente y el consumo de alcohol			

Depende de muchos factores pero el consumo de alcohol puede modificar cómo te sientes tanto de forma positiva como negativa.

Un grupo de amigos pasando tiempo juntos y bebiendo un trago