Drinking and your body
How does drinking affect pregnancy and breastfeeding?
If you’re pregnant, what you eat and drink may also affect your child. Here’s what you should know about drinking alcohol during pregnancy.
Some of the alcohol you drink passes through the placenta and into your baby’s bloodstream. The more you drink and the more frequently you do so, the more alcohol reaches your baby.
Drinking heavily, and often, exposes the baby to levels of alcohol that may put its development at risk. It’s well established that children born to mothers who drank heavily during pregnancy may have irreversible physical, behavioral and mental problems that can last a lifetime (1-3). These problems are the result of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) (4), of which the most severe form is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or FAS (5, 6).
There’s little evidence around occasional light drinking during pregnancy and how it may affect a developing fetus. However, since a safe threshold has not been established, erring on the side of caution is a good idea. While the developmental problems linked with FASD and FAS are the result of heavy drinking, it’s best for pregnant women not to drink alcohol at all (7, 8).
It’s also a good idea to avoid drinking if you’re intending to get pregnant since you may not know immediately that you have conceived. If you discover you’re pregnant and have been drinking, you should speak to your health professional.
Illustration of a human vein, showing alcohol entering the blood stream
Because alcohol passes into the bloodstream, some of it also passes into breast milk. If you’re breastfeeding, your milk will contain some alcohol – how much depends on how heavily and how quickly you drink and how soon after drinking you breastfeed (9). Alcohol from breastmilk may affect your baby’s sleep and can cause longer-term problems.
If you're considering drinking during the weeks or months when you're breastfeeding, it’s best to consult your health care practitioner about whether you can do so safely. Some countries offer special guidelines to help pregnant women and those who are breastfeeding to make informed and responsible decisions.
References
- Easey, K.E., et al., Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring mental health: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2019. 197: p. 344-353.
- Dejong, K., A. Olyaei, and J.O. Lo, Alcohol Use in Pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 2019. 62(1): p. 142-155.
- Del Campo, M. and K.L. Jones, A review of the physical features of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Eur J Med Genet, 2017. 60(1): p. 55-64.
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Fetal Alcohol Exposure. 2019; Available from:
- Vorgias, D. and B. Bernstein, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, in StatPearls. 2020, StatPearls Publishing StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island (FL).
- U.K. National Health Service (NHS). Foetal alcohol syndrome. 2020.
- International Alliance for Responsible Drinking (IARD). Drinking guidelines for pregnancy and breastfeeding. 2020; Available from:
- National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (NOFAS). Light drinking during pregnancy. 2020; Available from:
- Haastrup, M.B., A. Pottegard, and P. Damkier, Alcohol and breastfeeding. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 2014. 114(2): p. 168-73.
