Kwa nini kunywa watoto chini ya umri ni haramu na ni hatari?

Nchi nyingi ulimwenguni zinaweka mipaka ya umri kwa ununuzi wa vinywaji vya pombe (1), na kuifanya kuwa haramu kwa wale ambao hawajafikia umri. Hizi ni baadhi ya sababu za kulazimisha kwanini hii ni kesi.
Kwa nini kunywa watoto chini ya umri ni haramu na ni hatari?
Kwa nini kunywa watoto chini ya umri ni haramu na ni hatari?

Miili na akili za vijana bado zinaendelea kukua

Miili ya vijana huendelea kukua wakati wa ujana, na kuifanya iwe hatari kwa athari za pombe. Kunywa katika umri mdogo kunaweza kuingiliana na ukuaji wa kawaida wa ubongo (2). Inaweza pia kuathiri ukuzaji wa viungo muhimu. Hii inaweza kusababisha shida za kiafya baadaye maishani.

Uchunguzi wa kisayansi umeonyesha kuwa kunywa katika umri mdogo, haswa kunywa pombe kupita kiasi, kunaweza kuwa na athari isiyoweza kurekebishwa kwenye ubongo ambayo inaweza kusababisha mabadiliko na uharibifu wa kudumu (3-5). Inaweza kuvuruga jinsi unganisho la ubongo hufanywa na inaweza pia kuvuruga uwezo wa kujifunza na kumbukumbu.

Kunywa mapema kunaweza kusababisha shida za kisaikolojia na kunaweza kuongeza tabia mbaya ya unywaji pombe baadaye maishani (6). Vijana wa mapema wanaanza kunywa mara kwa mara na kwa kiwango kikubwa, hii inakuwa na uwezekano mkubwa.

Pombe huathiri vijana tofauti na watu wazima

Utafiti unaonyesha kwa sababu akili za vijana bado zinaendelea, wanaweza wasipate athari za kunywa pombe sawa na watu wazima (7). Kama matokeo, wengine wanaweza kunywa mara nyingi au zaidi, na kuweka hatua ya kukuza shida za pombe.

Kunywa na kubalehe hazichanganyiki

Ujana ni kipindi cha mabadiliko makubwa ya mwili, akili na hisia. Kunywa pombe kunaweza kuathiri mhemko na jinsi vijana wanavyoshughulika na mafadhaiko, wasiwasi na unyogovu(8).

Utafiti mwingine pia unaonyesha kwamba kunywa wakati wa ujana, haswa kunywa pombe kupita kiasi, kunaweza kuchelewesha mwanzo wa kubalehe, na kuwa na athari kwa msongamano wa mifupa, urefu na uzito.

Kuna mikakati anuwai ya kuzuia unywaji chini ya umri

Vizuizi vya umri halali vimeundwa kulinda vijana wakati wa mazingira magumu na serikali ulimwenguni kote zinaweka vizingiti vya umri wa chini kwa kunywa na kununua pombe (1). Mipaka tofauti ya umri hutumika katika nchi tofauti na imeundwa na utamaduni na maoni. Wakati zinaanzia miaka 16 hadi 25, 18 ndio kizingiti cha kawaida cha ununuzi wa pombe halali.

Kuzuia unywaji chini ya umri kunaweza kweli kuhusisha mchanganyiko wa mikakati tofauti kulingana na hali, lakini zingine za kuahidi zaidi zinajumuisha familia na wenzao kuchukua jukumu kuu. Wazazi na wenzao ni ushawishi muhimu zaidi katika maisha ya watoto na vijana wakati wa kunywa (10, 11). Mapema, wazazi ndio mfano bora wa kuigwa. Wanaweza kusaidia kuunda mitindo ya kunywa na mitazamo ambayo itadumu maisha yote. Rika pia ni muhimu wakati wa ujana, kwani shinikizo la kutoshea na kuwa huru hukua.

Umuhimu wa familia na wenzao ni kiini cha juhudi nyingi za kuahidi kuzuia kunywa kati ya vijana walio chini ya umri (12). Baadhi hujumuisha kuelimisha vijana juu ya kunywa na mifumo hatari kama kunywa pombe kupita kiasi (13-15). Wengine huzingatia kuongeza uwezo wa wazazi na wanafamilia kushughulikia unywaji pombe (16, 17). Ujuzi wa ujenzi ambao hufundisha uthabiti na uwezo wa kupinga shinikizo za kijamii karibu na unywaji pombe na changamoto zingine nyingi za maisha pia ni uingiliaji mzuri (18).

Taarifa hizi zinaweza kuwa za msaada kwa mtu yeyote aliyepo nchini Kenya au Tanzania.

References
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