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Illustration of a person drinking alcohol with liquid entering the mouth and passing down the throat.

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Illustration of a human torso showing the liver

A bebida e o corpo

É assim que o corpo humano processa o álcool, passo a passo. A rapidez em que isso acontece é diferente para cada pessoa, por isso é importante levar em conta suas circunstâncias pessoais.

Como o corpo processa o álcool?​ 

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Illustration of a male and female silhouette, side by side, showing their head and shoulders only.

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Illustration of a heart with a cog and heart rate pulse line to depict overall health

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Illustration of three double-stranded helix

Harvard Health Publishing. Alcohol's effects on the body. 2014; Available from:

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Por que algumas pessoas se embriagam rapidamente, enquanto outras têm uma tolerância muito maior?​ E por que algumas não deveriam beber absolutamente nada? Veja aqui alguns dos fatores que determinam como a bebida pode afetar cada um de nós diferentemente.

Como a bebida afeta você fisicamente?​ Depende de quem você é.

https://dosescertas.com.br/

Caso você esteja enfrentando problemas com bebidas alcoólicas ou connheça alguém que precise de ajuda, busque um profissional de saúde da sua confiança. Para saber mais sobre o álcool, seus efeitos no organismo e quando não beber, acesse: 

Whitfield, J.B., ADH and ALDH genotypes in relation to alcohol metabolic rate and sensitivity. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl, 1994. 2: p. 59-65.

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Cservenka, A., Neurobiological phenotypes associated with a family history of alcoholism. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2016. 158: p. 8-21

Stickel, F., et al., The genetics of alcohol dependence and alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol, 2017. 66(1): p. 195-211

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National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Parenting to prevent childhood alcohol use. 2020; Available from:

Seu histórico médico familiar pode ter um impacto real na maneira como a bebida afeta você, em comparação com outras pessoas. Veja aqui cinco pontos para se ter em mente.

Foto mostrando um homem olhando para fora de uma janela

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O que o histórico médico familiar significa para a maneira como a bebida afeta você?​

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Ilustração de uma veia humana, mostrando o álcool entrando na corrente sanguínea

Se você estiver grávida, não beba! Em caso de dúvidas, busque um profissional de saúde da sua confiança. 
Para saber mais sobre o álcool, seus efeitos no organismo e quando não beber, acesse: 

https://www.abrabe.org.br/

Easey, K.E., et al., Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring mental health: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2019. 197: p. 344-353.

Dejong, K., A. Olyaei, and J.O. Lo, Alcohol Use in Pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 2019. 62(1): p. 142-155.

Del Campo, M. and K.L. Jones, A review of the physical features of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Eur J Med Genet, 2017. 60(1): p. 55-64.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Fetal Alcohol Exposure. 2019; Available from:

Vorgias, D. and B. Bernstein, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, in StatPearls. 2020, StatPearls Publishing StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island (FL).

U.K. National Health Service (NHS). Foetal alcohol syndrome. 2020.

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Haastrup, M.B., A. Pottegard, and P. Damkier, Alcohol and breastfeeding. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 2014. 114(2): p. 168-73.

Se você estiver grávida, o que você come e bebe também pode afetar o bebê.​ Veja aqui o que você deve saber sobre o consumo de álcool durante a gravidez.

Ilustração mostrando uma mulher grávida

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Como a bebida afeta a gravidez e a amamentação?​

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Ilustração de uma cabeça humana mostrando  o cérebro em destaque

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Ilustração de um torso humano mostrando o fígado e o estômago em destaque

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Ilustração de um torso humano mostrando  o coração em destaque​

Caso você esteja enfrentando problemas com bebidas alcoólicas ou connheça alguém que precise de ajuda, busque um profissional de saúde da sua confiança. Para saber mais sobre o álcool, seus efeitos no organismo e quando não beber, acesse:

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Alcohol's Effects on the Body. 2020; Available from:

Abrahao, K.P., A.G. Salinas, and D.M. Lovinger, Alcohol and the Brain: Neuronal Molecular Targets, Synapses, and Circuits. Neuron, 2017. 96(6): p. 1223-1238.

National Health Service (NHS). Alcohol poisoning. 2019; Available from:

Sullivan, E.V., R.A. Harris, and A. Pfefferbaum, Alcohol's effects on brain and behavior. Alcohol Res Health, 2010. 33(1-2): p. 127-43.

Squeglia, L.M. and K.M. Gray, Alcohol and Drug Use and the Developing Brain. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 2016. 18(5): p. 46

Sinforiani, E., et al., The effects of alcohol on cognition in the elderly: from protection to neurodegeneration. Funct Neurol, 2011. 26(2): p. 103-6.

Rehm, J., et al., Alcohol use and dementia: a systematic scoping review. Alzheimers Res Ther, 2019. 11(1): p. 1

Brust, J.C., Ethanol and cognition: indirect effects, neurotoxicity and neuroprotection: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2010. 7(4): p. 1540-57.

Rocco, A., et al., Alcoholic disease: liver and beyond. World J Gastroenterol, 2014. 20(40): p. 14652-9.

Roerecke, M., et al., Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Liver Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol, 2019. 114(10): p. 1574-1586.

Gallagher, C., et al., Alcohol and incident atrial fibrillation - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol, 2017. 246: p. 46-52.

Mostofsky, E., et al., Alcohol and Immediate Risk of Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Circulation, 2016. 133(10): p. 979-87.

Hillbom, M., P. Saloheimo, and S. Juvela, Alcohol consumption, blood pressure, and the risk of stroke. Curr Hypertens Rep, 2011. 13(3): p. 208-13.

Piano, M.R., Alcohol's Effects on the Cardiovascular System. Alcohol Res, 2017. 38(2): p. 219-241.

Ronksley, P.E., et al., Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj, 2011. 342: p. d671.

Kannel, W.B. and R.C. Ellison, Alcohol and coronary heart disease: the evidence for a protective effect. Clin Chim Acta, 1996. 246(1-2): p. 59-76.

Cauley, J.A., et al., Studies on the association between alcohol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol: possible benefits and risks. Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse, 1987. 6(3): p. 53-67.

Goel, S., A. Sharma, and A. Garg, Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Cardiovascular Health. Curr Cardiol Rep, 2018. 20(4): p. 19.

Naimi, T.S., et al., Selection biases in observational studies affect associations between 'moderate' alcohol consumption and mortality. Addiction, 2017. 112(2): p. 207-214.

Stockwell, T., et al., Do "Moderate" Drinkers Have Reduced Mortality Risk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality. J Stud Alcohol Drugs, 2016. 77(2): p. 185-98.

Consumir álcool afetará seu órgãos <a href="#refs1">(1)</a> mas o impacto da bebida dependerá de diversos fatores. Veja aqui o que você precisa saber.​

Como a bebida afeta o cérebro, o fígado e o coração?​ 

https://www.abrabe.org.br/sem-excesso/

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Embora haja definições diferentes de consumo excessivo, beber uma grande quantidade de álcool em um período curto pode ter consequências graves.

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Quais são os efeitos a curto e longo prazo do consumo excessivo de álcool?

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Veja como o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas pode afetar seu risco de câncer.

Ilustração mostrando uma célula cancerosa cercada de células saudáveis

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Há alguma associação entre a bebida e câncer?​

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Profissional de enfermagem verificando a pressão sanguínea de uma paciente

https://www.samhsa.gov/

World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRFI), Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: a Global Perspective. 2018, WCRFI: London.

Caputo, C., E. Wood, and L. Jabbour, Impact of fetal alcohol exposure on body systems: A systematic review. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today, 2016. 108(2): p. 174-80.

Li, X.H., et al., Association between alcohol consumption and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr, 2016. 103(3): p. 818-29.

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Rehm, J., et al., Alcohol use and dementia: a systematic scoping review. Alzheimers Res Ther, 2019. 11(1): p. 1.

Colpani, V., et al., Lifestyle factors, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol, 2018. 33(9): p. 831-845.

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U.K. Government, UK Chief Medical Officers' Low Risk Drinking Guidelines. 2016, UK Government: London.

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Embora o impacto da bebida varie entre adultos e, para alguns, seja melhor não beber nada, há fatos que podem ser lembrados.​

DrinkingandHealth_HERO_16-9_1600x900.jpg

Como a bebida afeta nossa saúde geral?​​​

Taylor, B., et al., The more you drink, the harder you fall: a systematic review and meta-analysis of how acute alcohol consumption and injury or collision risk increase together. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2010. 110(1-2): p. 108-16.

Publishing, H.H. Alcohol and age: a risky combination. Harvard Healthbeat 2020; Available from:

International Alliance for Responsible Drinking (IARD), Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Limits. 2020, IARD: Washington, DC.

Como o álcool afeta a atenção, a concentração e a coordenação, beber excessivamente aumentará a probabilidade de você se machucar. Estes são os perigos a considerar.

Injury_HERO_16-9_1600x900.jpg

Beber aumenta o risco de lesões físicas?​

https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/

Stevens, S.E., Schreck, C.J., Saha, S., Bell, J.E., & Kunkel, K.E. Precipitation and fatal motor vehicle crashes: continental analysis with high-resolution radar data. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100: 1453-1461, 2019.

Há duas maneiras de entender risco: risco absoluto e risco relativo. Veja aqui o que isso significa.

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O que são risco absoluto e risco relativo com o álcool

Sayette, M.A., The effects of alcohol on emotion in social drinkers. Behav Res Ther, 2017. 88: p. 76-89.

Alcohol.org.nz. Blood alcohol content. 2020; Available from:

A bebida e a mente​

Isso depende de diversos fatores, mas a bebida pode mudar como você se sente tanto positiva como negativamente.

DrinkingandBehaviourHero.jpg

Como o álcool afeta nosso humor e comportamento?​​

Quando passamos por momentos de estresse, é fácil se habituar a usar a bebida como muleta. Porém, há outras maneiras de lidar com a pressão, afirma a Dra. Jessamy Hibberd.

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Como lidar de maneira positiva com a pressão

Alguma vez já se perguntou se uma mudança em seu relacionamento com a bebida afetaria sua vida social? Não é só você. E afetaria, afirma Dru Jaeger, mas de maneira positiva, como você nunca teria esperado.

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"Tenho mais graça quando bebo." Derrubando esse e outros mitos sobre a bebida

É bastante comum usar a bebida para tornar situações sociais mais fáceis, mas a Dra. Jessamy Hibberd acredita que há outras maneiras mais eficazes e duradouras para se sentir mais confiante e se divertir de verdade.​

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Seis maneiras positivas de lidar com a ansiedade social

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Ilustração mostrando diversos medicamentos

https://www.rethinkingdrinking.niaaa.nih.gov/

Rethinking Drinking:  Thinking about Change

https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/national-helpline

Hunt, G.E., et al., Prevalence of comorbid substance use in major depressive disorder in community and clinical settings, 1990-2019: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2020. 266: p. 288-304.

Becker, H.C., Influence of stress associated with chronic alcohol exposure on drinking. Neuropharmacology, 2017. 122: p. 115-126

Boden, J.M. and D.M. Fergusson, Alcohol and depression. Addiction, 2011. 106(5): p. 906-14.

Li, J., et al., Effect of alcohol use disorders and alcohol intake on the risk of subsequent depressive symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Addiction, 2019. Published early online 16 January 2020.

Thibaut, F., Anxiety disorders: a review of current literature. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 2017. 19(2): p. 87-88.

Farren, C.K., K.P. Hill, and R.D. Weiss, Bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorder: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 2012. 14(6): p. 659-66.

Borges, G., et al., A meta-analysis of acute use of alcohol and the risk of suicide attempt. Psychol Med, 2017. 47(5): p. 949-957.

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(NIAAA), N.I.o.A.A.a.A., Harmful interactions: mixing alcohol with medicines., NIAAA, Editor. 2014, NIAAA: Gaithersburg, MD.

Linnoila, M., M.J. Mattila, and B.S. Kitchell, Drug interactions with alcohol. Drugs, 1979. 18(4): p. 299-311.

Isso depende de diversos fatores complexos, por exemplo, quanto você bebe e qual é seu estado de espírito natural, e há efeitos de curto e longo prazo a se considerar.

Ilustração mostrando a cabeça de uma mulher e o símbolo da saúde